Fig. 3: Remote impact on the United States winter (DJF) precipitation.

a,b, Precipitation (shading) and 200-hPa geopotential height pattern (contours) anomalies from the multi-model mean CMIP6 slow response (a) and the CESM1-CAM4 SO warming experiment (b). The geopotential height pattern is calculated by subtracting the Northern Hemisphere average (0°–40° N) from the original value (Methods). The solid (dashed) grey contours represent negative (positive) anomalies (interval = 10 m). c,d, The multi-model mean CMIP6 slow response related to the Pacific/North America pattern. c, The 850-hPa geopotential height pattern (shading) and 850-hPa horizontal wind (vectors). The vectors are shown in the region where >70% of 35 models agree on the sign of either the zonal or meridional wind changes. d, The changes (shading) and climatology (contours) of the 200-hPa zonal wind. Only positive contours larger than 12 m s⁻¹ are shown; the contour interval is 8 m s⁻¹. The green rectangle (parallelogram) corresponds to regions of western United States (southeastern United States) precipitation enhancement. Stippled and unhatched regions indicate statistical significance as in Fig. 1a,b. All variables are averaged for DJF.