Fig. 6: Long-term persistent climate changes related to the SO warming.

a, Lists of CMIP6 models participating in the Carbon Dioxide Removal Model Intercomparison Project (CDRMIP)³⁸. b, Transient CO₂ quadrupling and subsequent reduction used as the forcing in CDRMIP. The long-term persisting climate changes are measured by the difference between years 191–230 and 51–90 when CO₂ concentrations are identical. c,d, SST responses in summer (c) and winter (d). e, Vertical profile of zonal wind changes in summer (shading), with the corresponding climatology (contours; interval = 6 m s⁻¹). f, Responses in the 200-hPa geopotential height pattern during winter. g,h, Precipitation responses in summer (g) and winter (h). Stippling indicates where >6 of 8 models agree on the sign of the change. Green boxes are regions with precipitation enhancements investigated in this study.