Fig. 2: Multi-year ENSO in proxies and simulations during the past 7 ka.
From: Increased frequency of multi-year El Niño–Southern Oscillation events across the Holocene
a–h, The evolution of the ratio of multi-year to single-year El Niño + La Niña rENSO (a and e), El Niño rEN (b and f), La Niña rLN (c and g) and ENSO-dominant period (d and h) from proxy reconstructions (a–d) and model simulations (e–h). In a–d, each black circle represents a fossil coral slice, and the purple circles show the values for ERSST reanalysis of 1854–2023 ce. The blue circles in a provide reference diameters of the circles (proportional to data length). The dashed blue lines are weighted (by data length) linear fits. In e–h, the black curves show the selected model ensemble mean and the grey shading shows the model ensemble spread of 1 s.d.
