Extended Data Fig. 5: Influence of orbital forcing on the Eastern Pacific upper ocean.

(a)–(d) Same as Fig. 4(c) but for all three model simulations. (e)–(g) the seasonal cycle of vertical temperature gradient (surface-subsurface) differences between 6ka and 1ka for 5° N–5° S, 180° W–100° W. The blue dashed lines are for the annual mean.