Fig. 3: δ34S values of radiocarbon-dated herbivores from central and northwest Europe for the five most abundant taxa in both regions, Cervus elaphus, Coelodonta antiquitatis, Equus sp., Mammuthus primigenius and Rangifer tarandus.

a, The Greenland ice-core oxygen isotope record, a proxy for global temperature42. b,c, δ34S values of radiocarbon-dated herbivores from central and northwest Europe (46.5° N to 54° N, 6° E to 21° E) (b) and northwest Europe (50° N to 60° N, 10° E to 6° W) (c). Shaded blue area indicates approximate duration of the LGM. The dashed purple lines indicate approximate timing of continuous permafrost development (about 30 kyr bp) and widespread thaw (about 15 kyr bp) in western Eurasia.