Extended Data Fig. 2: Piper diagram of the Upper Sangamon River hydrochemistry during the 2022 drought and non-drought periods based on RiverLab data.

The diagram is generated using WQChartPy59 python package and the average concentration of each solute is displayed. A significant transition of river water composition can be observed between drought and non-drought conditions. During drought, the proportion of Na+, K+, and Cl− increased while the level of Ca2+ and HCO3− decreased.