Correction to: Nature Geoscience https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01791-4, published online 22 September 2025.

In the version of the article initially published, the right-hand side label of the colour scale bar in Fig. 4 read “Ni# = 100” but should have read “Ni# = 10”. The figure has now been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.