Table 3 Non-work activities outside the home: percentage point change in visits by category

From: Neighbourhood income and physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

Neighbourhood income quintile of typical visitor

Percentage point change in visits

(95% CI)

t statistic

residual d.f.

Beer, wine and liquor stores

Carryout restaurants

Convenience stores

Hospitals

Parks and playgrounds

Places of worship

Supermarkets

Q1 (lowest)

−40.8

(−44.1, −37.6)

−2,463.6

46,138

−48.5

(−49.9, −47.2)

−6,917.5

186,094

−37.5

(−39.4, −35.5)

−3,751.1

42,550

−58.6

(−65.0, −52.2)

−1,793.6

8,206

−57.1

(−59.4, −54.8)

−4,863

139,666

−60.1

(−61.2, −58.9)

−10,320.6

297,874

−32.3

(−33.8, −30.7)

−4,100.7

164,962

Q2

−35.1

(−37.1, −33.0)

−3,352.7

52,078

−31.6

(−32.4, −30.9)

−8,675.9

369,598

−33.3

(−34.7, −32.0)

−4,726.5

73,054

−57.7

(−61.3, −54.1)

−3,129.7

20,674

−50.9

(−52.7, −49.1)

−5,557.6

164,218

−65.7

(−66.5, −64.8)

−14,593.7

282,862

−24.8

(−26.0, −23.5)

−3,831.4

195,886

Q3

−37.2

(−39.4, −35.1)

−3,448.9

51,826

−35.9

(−36.6, −35.2)

−10,406.6

399,406

−35.6

(−37.0, −34.3)

−5,135.6

74,530

−60.9

(−64.7, −57.2)

−3,181.9

18,814

−52.9

(−54.9, −50.8)

−4,973.3

182,098

−73.6

(−75.3, −71.8)

−8,153.6

253,450

−26.2

(−27.6, −24.8)

−3,664.4

167,482

Q4

−42.5

(−45.8, −39.2)

−2,531.5

49,594

−43.5

(−44.4, −42.6)

−9,443.5

35,4478

−40.6

(−42.2, −39.0)

−4,894.7

56,374

−63.9

(−68.9, −58.8)

−2,474.5

11,962

−59.2

(−61.4, −57.0)

−5,211.6

193,654

−81.6

(−82.9, −80.2)

−11,467.1

197,098

−29.4

(−30.9, −28.0)

−4,013.6

131,266

Q5 (highest)

−46.9

(−49.6, −44.2)

−3,376.4

41,782

−54.0

(−54.9, −53.1)

−12,083

268,582

−48.7

(−50.8, −46.6)

−4,560.5

35,122

−64.3

(−70.2, −58.4)

−2,132.4

7,222

−62.9

(−64.7, −61.1)

−6,752.7

207,574

−87.5

(−89.2, −85.9)

−10,195.1

137,254

−34.0

(−35.6, −32.5)

−4,308.9

95,854

  1. All P < 0.001. To calculate differences from pre (6 January–1 March 2020) to post (6 April–3 May 2020) COVID-19 related changes, we used OLS regressions estimating post effects, stratified within each location category and visitor income quintile. Values were normalized against the pre period mean within each category and income quintile before modelling, to estimate proportional changes in visits from pre to post. These are reported here as percentages. The data source was SafeGraph Weekly Patterns (v.2). To identify non-work visits, we subtracted visits of >4 h from weekly visit totals. For sample size per category, see Table 1.
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