Extended Data Fig. 7: Susceptibility analysis of individual satellite measures with brain (a-d) and behaviors (e-h) using distributed lag models in CHIMGEN.
From: Global urbanicity is associated with brain and behaviour in young people
a. There are significant associations of lifetime night-time light with the mPFC-ROI GMV (ages of 4–14 years) and SA (5–12 years), WNFC in aDMN (3–11 years) during childhood and adolescence, with cerebellum-ROI GMV (3–7 years), WNFCs in CN (0–6 years), mVN (0–6 years), lVN (3–10 years), BNFCs in aDMN-CN (4–7 years), aDMN-ECN (4–6 years), aDMN-rFPN (4–6 years) and rFPN-lFPN (4–6 years) during childhood in CHIMGEN. b. There are significant associations of lifetime built-up% with the mPFC-ROI GMV (5–16 years) and WNFC in aDMN (4–14 years) during childhood and adolescence, with WNFCs in mVN and lVN (14–20 years) during adolescence, with mPFC-ROI SA (5–7 years), cerebellum-ROI GMV (1–10 years), WNFC in CN (1–10 years), BNFCs in aDMN-CN (4–10 years), aDMN-ECN (5–7 years), aDMN-rFPN (4–10 years) and rFPN-lFPN (4–6 years) during childhood in CHIMGEN. c. There are significant associations of lifetime cropland% with the mPFC-ROI GMV (5–15 years) during childhood and adolescence, with mPFC-ROI SA (5–6 years), cerebellum-ROI GMV (4–6 years), WNFCs in aDMN (4–6 years), CN (4–6 years) and lVN (4–10 years), BNFCs in aDMN-CN (0–9 years), aDMN-ECN (2–7 years), aDMN-rFPN (4–10 years) and rFPN-lFPN (4–6 years) during childhood in CHIMGEN. d. We find significant associations of lifetime NDVI with the mPFC-ROI GMV (5–15 years) and BNFC in rFPN-lFPN (6–17 years) during childhood and adolescence, with WNFCs in aDMN (5 years old) and CN (5 years old), BNFCs in aDMN-CN (4–11 years) and aDMN-rFPN (4–10 years) during childhood in CHIMGEN. There are significant correlations of lifetime night-time light (e), built-up% (f), cropland % (g) and NDVI (h) with reaction time for perspective-taking performance during adolescence (ages of 5–16 years for night-time light, 4–17 years for built-up %, 5–19 years for cropland % and 4–17 years for NDVI) in CHIMGEN. Significant correlations of lifetime night-time light (e), built-up % (f), cropland % (g) and NDVI (h) with increasing depression measured by BDI are also observed during childhood in CHIMGEN (0–6 years for night-time light, 2–9 years for built-up %, 0–9 years for cropland % and 3–11 years for NDVI). The y-axis represents the changes of brain behaviors associated with an increase of interquartile range of individual satellite measures; the x-axis is individual satellite measure lag in ages. Grey areas indicate 95% CIs. A susceptibility window is identified for the ages where the estimated pointwise 95% CI (shaded area) does not include zero. The blue solid lines indicate negative correlations and red ones indicated positive correlations. aDMN, anterior default mode network; BDI, Beck depression index; BNFC, between-network functional connectivity; CN, cerebellar network; CT, cortical thickness; GMV, grey matter volume; lVN, lateral visual network; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; mVN, medial visual network; RTpt, reaction time for perspective-taking; SA, surface area; WNFC, within-network functional connectivity.
