Fig. 5: Forest plots for neglect during childhood and health outcomes identified through a systematic review of the literature.

These forest plots present the estimated mean RR, its 95% UIs and the data points underlying the estimates for nine health outcomes studied in association with childhood neglect. Each data point and horizontal line corresponds to a mean effect size and 95% UI from the included study identified on the y axis. The colour of the point indicates whether the point was detected and trimmed as an outlier. The light-blue interval corresponds to the 95% UI of the pooled RR when incorporating between-study heterogeneity; the dark-blue interval corresponds to the 95% UI of the pooled RR without between-study heterogeneity. The vertical dotted black line reflects the null RR value (RR = 1), and the vertical red line is the Burden of Proof function at the fifth quantile for this harmful risk–outcome association. We truncated the x axis to make the scale more legible, so a handful of 95% UIs from the included studies extend beyond the plot margin. The full uncertainties are presented in Supplementary Table 34. The 95% UI that incorporates between-study heterogeneity for our estimate of the mean RR of schizophrenia is also truncated here and presented in Table 2. We included multiple observations from a single study when effects were reported by severity or frequency of the violence exposure, by different types of violent acts and/or separately by sex or other subgroups.