Table 1 Cultural racism indicators and state-level descriptive statistics for study variables (n = 50 states and DC)
From: A latent measure of cultural racism and its association with US mortality and life expectancy
Indicators/covariates | Description | Mean (s.d.) | Min | Max |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-self-report indicators | ||||
Number of public symbols of the Confederacy per 100,000 | Number of symbols in a state on or before 2017 that convey presumed superiority of the white race over people of colour | 0.79 (1.4) | 0 | 5.56 |
Number of hate groups per 100,000 | Number of hate groups in a state by the end of 2017 | 0.39 (0.51) | 0.05 | 3.75 |
Online racial animus | Index of a state’s racially charged search rate, computed on the basis of the percentage of Google search queries that include racially charged language in 2017; ranges between 0 and 100 | 69 (12.73) | 46 | 100 |
Anti-race hate crime rate | Proportion of individual criminal acts that were classified as anti-race bias in 2017; possible values between 0 and 1 | 0.57 (0.14) | 0.25 | 0.93 |
Self-report and implicit indicators | ||||
Racial resentment | Modelled estimate of the prevalence of racial resentment in a state by the end of 2016; ranges between 0.5 and 0.75 | 0.63 (0.03) | 0.54 | 0.7 |
Anti-immigrant sentiments | Estimated percentage of a state’s population that held anti-immigrant attitudes averaged over 2004, 2006 and 2008; possible values between 0 and 100 | 52.96 (5.73) | 39.7 | 63.68 |
Lack of white NH support for Medicaid expansion | Reverse coding (that is, subtraction from 100) of modelled estimates of levels of public support for Medicaid expansion of white NH residents in a state between 2012 and 2013; possible values between 0 and 100 | 54.75 (3.95) | 46.68 | 61.22 |
Implicit bias of white NH residents | IAT scores of white NH residents in 2017; measures implicit racial bias, ranging from −2 to 2; 0 is a neutral score, positive values represent an anti-Black/pro-white bias and negative values represent a pro-Black/anti-white bias | 0.36 (0.03) | 0.29 | 0.42 |
Lack of COP implementation prevalence | Police–citizen interaction measure, defined as the percentage of police departments in a state in 2016 that did not have a specialized unit or designated personnel assigned full-time to community policing with an emphasis on community partnerships; possible values between 0 and 100 | 59.77 (18.85) | 0 | 100 |
Covariates | ||||
Total population (log-transformed) | 15.16 (1.04) | 13.27 | 17.49 | |
Gini coefficient (income inequality) | 0.61 (0.04) | 0.55 | 0.72 | |
Percentage NH Black | 11.27 (10.69) | 0.44 | 45.85 | |
Percentage below the poverty line | 13.13 (2.91) | 7.7 | 19.8 | |
Population density, average population per square mile of land | 384.4 (1,377.35) | 1.2 | 9,856.5 | |
Structural racism measures | ||||
ICERACEINC | 0.15 (0.07) | −0.04 | 0.31 | |
SSRF | 0 (1) | −1.69 | 2.48 | |
SRI | 46.9 (8.98) | 22 | 68 | |
