Extended Data Fig. 6: Small-angle x-ray scattering during a magnetic field sweep recorded with various attenuation levels of the x-ray beam.
From: Observation of fluctuation-mediated picosecond nucleation of a topological phase
The membrane sample is topographically homogeneous, which means that any scattering is due to non-uniformities in the magnetic landscape. Arrows indicate the saturation field Hs (the field at which the scattering signal becomes zero), the nucleation field Hn (the field at which the scattering signal starts to deviate from the background value) and the coercive field Hc (the field at which the average magnetization is zero). Light gray arrows indicate the field sweep direction. Spectra were recorded for variable x-ray fluence by varying the transmission in a gas attenuator. The legend states the maximum peak fluence values encountered, assuming a Gaussian beam profile with a width of 30 μm (FWHM). X-ray induced skyrmion nucleation and annihilation is evidenced by an increased domain nucleation field and a reduced saturation field, respectively.
