Extended Data Fig. 4: Schematic illustrations for the overall application process and mechanism of the e-bioadhesive interface.

The e-bioadhesive interface is assembled with bioelectronic devices to endow the ability to adhere to and electrically communicate with wet tissue surfaces. Upon contact with the wet tissue surface, the e-bioadhesive interface quickly absorbs the interfacial water and dry the tissue surface. The carboxylic acid groups in the e-bioadhesive interface form temporary physical crosslinks by hydrogen bonds and/or electrostatic interactions. The NHS ester groups in the e-bioadhesive interface subsequently form covalent crosslinks with the primary amine groups on the tissue surface and provide stable long-term tissue-device integration.