Fig. 4: Dependence of Josephson supercurrents on the degree of chiral non-collinearity.

a, Scanning electron micrograph of the fabricated Nb/Mn₃Ge/Nb lateral JJ, where the Mn₃Ge spacer is a mixed phase of tetragonal D0₂₂ and hexagonal D0₁₉ (Supplementary Text). The scale bar (a,d) indicates 0.5 µm. b, Magnetic field interface pattern I_c(\(\mu _0H_ \bot\)) when the magnetic field \(\mu _0H_ \bot\) is applied perpendicular to the interface plane of Nb electrodes (bottom inset). The top left and right insets display the current–voltage I–V curves of the JJ, taken around zero-order maximum and zero-order minimum of I_c(\(\mu _0H_ \bot\)), respectively. c, Data equivalent to b but for the magnetic field \(\mu _0H_{||}\) applied parallel to the interface plane of the Nb electrodes (bottom inset). d,e,f, Data equivalent to a,b,c but for the Nb/IrMn/Nb junction with a much shorter d_s = 5–16 nm, in which the IrMn spacer is polycrystalline (Supplementary Text). Scanning electron micrograph (d), magnetic field interface patterns (e,f) and data equivalent to b,c. The left inset in f exhibits the characteristic voltage V_c = I_cR_n as a function of d_s, from which the decay length scale of the Josephson coupling through the IrMn spacer is determined to the first order (see Supplementary Text for details).