Extended Data Fig. 5: Rat spinal cord stimulation by the all-hydrogel bioelectronic interface.
From: 3D printable high-performance conducting polymer hydrogel for all-hydrogel bioelectronic interfaces
a, Schematic illustration for rat spinal cord electrophysiological stimulation by the all-hydrogel bioelectronic interface. b, Images of the printed all-hydrogel bioelectronic interface for spinal cord in the overall view (left) and the magnified view of electrodes (right). Different materials are marked with colour overlays in the magnified view. c, Images of the implanted all-hydrogel bioelectronic interface on rat spinal cord. d, e, Images of rat forelimb before (left) and after (middle) electrophysiological stimulation of the spinal cord by the all-hydrogel bioelectronic interface with corresponding EMG recordings (right) on day 0 (d) and day 28 (e) post-implantation. The red-shaded regions in the EMG recordings indicate the stimulation pulses. f, g, Rat forelimb movement distance upon spinal cord stimulations by the all-hydrogel bioelectronic interface at varying stimulation currents on day 0 (f) and day 28 (g) post-implantation. h, Comparison of the rat forelimb movement distance on day 0, day 7, and day 28 post-implantation with stimulation current of 1.5 mA. In box plots (f-h), centre lines represent mean, box limits delineate standard error (SE), and whiskers reflect 5th and 95th percentile (n = 8; independent biological replicates). Statistical significance and p values are determined by two-sided unpaired t-test; *** p ≤ 0.001.
