Fig. 1: Operando transmission microscopy to monitor electrochemical doping in mixed conducting polymers.
From: Hole-limited electrochemical doping in conjugated polymers
a,b, Chemical structures of PEDOT:PSS (a) and p(g1T2-g5T2) (b). c, Experimental geometry where ions are injected and/or extracted from the left and electrons are extracted and/or injected from the right (note the Ag–AgCl electrode is not drawn to scale). The transmitted 2D image is either directly imaged in greyscale on a CCD or passed through a 1D slit and prism to obtain a 1D-spatial 1D-spectral image. d, Differential transmission intensity (∆T/T0) image. Scale bar, 50 μm. e, Time-resolved ∆T/T0 spectra at a distance d = 50 µm from the polymer–electrolyte interface. f, ∆T/T0 spectra as a function of distance for a single time point t = 3.0 s after applying VWE,f during electrochemical dedoping of PEDOT:PSS (VWE,i = 0 V to VWE,f = 0.8 V versus Ag–AgCl). The decrease in transmitted intensity corresponds to reduction of the thiophene backbone.
