Fig. 4: Operando transmission microscopy of OECTs.
From: Hole-limited electrochemical doping in conjugated polymers
a, Schematic of the experimental setup (the Ag–AgCl electrode is not drawn to scale). b, Optical transmission image of the device (greyscale). Scale bar, 50 μm. c, Time-resolved differential transmission images of electrochemical doping from the intrinsic (VGS = 0.4 V) to the fully doped (VGS = −0.6 V) state. d,e, Spatiotemporal map of transmission intensity for doping of p(g1T2-g5T2) (d) and PEDOT:PSS (e) electrochemical transistors with dashed lines highlighting the doping fronts (from VGS = 0.8 V to VGS = −0.6 V, VDS = −0.6 V). f, Drain (upper) and gate (lower) current (IDS and IGS, respectively) transients during electrochemical doping of a pg1T2-g5T2 OECT with increasing channel length (W = 100 µm). Vertical dashed lines in b–e indicate the source (S) and drain (D) contacts.
