Extended Data Fig. 4: Changes in the membrane potential of NSCs upon treatment with ultrasound-activated BTO/rGO nanostickers.

(a) Schematic showing the measurement of changes in the membrane potential of NSCs upon stimulation with BTO/rGO nanostickers under ultrasound irradiation through MEA. (b) Representative optical image of an NSC adhered to the MEA electrode. A BTO/rGO nanosticker is attached to the NSC. (c) Electrical signal generated by the NSC adhered to the MEA electrode under ultrasound irradiation. The arrow indicates the moment of time when the ultrasound was applied. (d) Signal generated by the NSC with the BTO/rGO nanosticker attached under ultrasound irradiation. The right is enlarged figure of partial signal. The arrow indicates the moment of time when the ultrasound was applied. (e) Schematic showing the examination of the membrane potential of NSCs through a fast-response cell membrane potential probe. (f) Representative fluorescence images of the membrane potential in the NSC group and the corresponding change in fluorescence intensity. (g) Representative fluorescence images of the membrane potential in the NSC + US group and the corresponding change in fluorescence intensity. (h) Representative fluorescence images of the membrane potential in the NSC + BTO/rGO+US group and the corresponding change in fluorescence intensity; the inset shows the fluorescence signal between 22 s and 24 s. The micrographs in f, g and h were obtained from three independent experiments. Figure elements in a,e have been created with Figdraw.com.