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Nonlinear transport in non-centrosymmetric systems

Nature Materials volume 24, pages 1005–1018 (2025)Cite this article

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Abstract

Ohm’s law has been a cornerstone of electronics since its experimental discovery. This law establishes that, in a conductive system, the voltage is directly proportional to the current. Even when time-reversal symmetry is disrupted, leading to the emergence of magnetoresistance and Hall effects, the linear relationship between voltage and current remains intact. However, recent experiments have demonstrated a breakdown of Ohm’s law in non-centrosymmetric structures. In these systems, nonlinear transport effects are permitted with quadratic scaling between voltages and currents. Here we review the main demonstrations of nonlinear transport in non-centrosymmetric systems, analysing the connection between nonlinear behaviour and the system’s symmetry. We also investigate the microscopic mechanisms driving these effects, such as Berry curvature dipole and Berry connection polarizability. Finally, we highlight potential applications of nonlinear transport in spintronics and energy harvesting.

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Fig. 1: Different transport components in centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric conductors.
Fig. 2: Nonlinear transport in non-centrosymmetric materials.
Fig. 3: Connection between NLMC and angular momentum textures.
Fig. 4: Wireless RF rectification.

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the Spanish MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF/EU (project numbers PID2021-122511OB-I00, PID2021-128760NB-I00 and PID2021-129035NB-I00, and the ‘Maria de Maeztu’ Units of Excellence Programme grant number CEX2020-001038-M). It is also supported by MICIU and by the European Union NextGenerationEU Plan (PRTR-C17.I1), and by the IKUR Strategy under the collaboration agreement between Donostia International Physics Center and CIC nanoGUNE on behalf of the Department of Education of the Basque Government. M.S.-R. acknowledges support from La Caixa Foundation (no. 100010434) with code LCF/BQ/DR21/11880030. M.G. is grateful for support from the ‘Ramón y Cajal’ Programme by the Spanish MICIU/AEI and European Union NextGenerationEU/PRTR (grant no. RYC2021-034836-I).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain

    Manuel Suárez-Rodríguez, Fèlix Casanova & Luis E. Hueso

  2. Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain

    Manuel Suárez-Rodríguez

  3. IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain

    Fernando de Juan, Ivo Souza, Marco Gobbi, Fèlix Casanova & Luis E. Hueso

  4. Donostia International Physics Center, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain

    Fernando de Juan

  5. Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain

    Ivo Souza & Marco Gobbi

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  1. Manuel Suárez-Rodríguez
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Correspondence to Luis E. Hueso.

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Suárez-Rodríguez, M., de Juan, F., Souza, I. et al. Nonlinear transport in non-centrosymmetric systems. Nat. Mater. 24, 1005–1018 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-025-02261-3

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