Fig. 3: The alveolar compartment over 0–3 d.p.i. in infected rhesus macaques.
From: Responses to acute infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the lungs of rhesus macaques, baboons and marmosets
a,e, CXR (a) and CT (e) scores of rhesus macaques (circles) over 0–3 d.p.i. The different colours represent individual animals (Supplementary Table 1). b–d, Representative CT scan images performed on day 0–2 d.p.i. show transverse (b), vertical (c) and longitudinal (d) views of the left caudal lobe ground-glass opacity at 1 d.p.i. (middle), 2 d.p.i. (bottom) and the baseline at 0 d.p.i. (top). The CT scans in b–d revealed evidence of pneumonia and lung abnormalities in the infected animals relative to controls, which resolved between 1 and 2 d.p.i. (red arrows). f, 3D reconstruction of the ROI volume representing the location of the lesion. g–i, Representative longitudinal (g), vertical (h) and transverse (i) images for the quantification of lung lesions; the teal area represents normal-intensity lung voxels, while the yellow areas represent hyperdense voxels. j, The percentage change in lung hyperdensity in SARS-CoV-2-infected animals over days 1–3 d.p.i. compared with the baseline. k–v, Simultaneous analysis of multiple cytokines using Luminex technology in BAL fluid of rhesus macaques over 0–3 d.p.i. revealed that SARS-CoV-2 induced alveolar inflammation, showing increased levels of IL-6 (k), IFNα (l), IFNγ (m), IL-8 (n), perforin (o), IP-10 (p), MIP1a (q), MIP1b (r), IL-12p40 (s), IL-18 (t), TNFα (u) and IL-1Ra (v), expressed as log10-transformed concentration in pg ml−1 of BAL fluid. n = 4. For a and k–v, statistical analysis was performed using one-way repeated-measures ANOVA with Geisser–Greenhouse correction for sphericity and Tukey post hoc correction for multiple testing (GraphPad Prism 8). For e and j, statistical analysis was performed using ordinary one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test. n = 4 (0–2 d.p.i.) and n = 2 (3 d.p.i.). For a, e and j–v, P values are indicated above the plots; data are mean ± s.e.m.
