Extended Data Fig. 3: Short-chain fatty acids produced by A. muciniphila are not the only factors responsible for the induction of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1).
a, Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion after treatment of NCI-H716 cells with viable A. muciniphila (cell to bacteria ratio, 1:20) or cell-free supernatant (CFS) (10% v/v) (ATCC BAA-835 or SNUG-61027). b, GLP-1 secretion by NCI-H716 cells after treatment with various amounts of A. muciniphila (10–100% v/v). c, GLP-1 secretion after the treatment of NCI-H716 cells with CFS (10% v/v) from A. muciniphila (ATCC BAA-835, SNUG-61027), Korean fecal strains, Lactobacillus spp., or Bifidobacterium spp. d, Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) derived from the CFS of A. muciniphila, measured by GC-MS. e, GLP-1 secretion by NCI-H716 cells induced by the CFS of A. muciniphila (100% v/v), acetate (1 mM, 10 mM), or propionate (1 mM or 10 mM). Data are presented as the means ± SEMs. The data in a and b represent the results of two independent experiments performed in duplicate. The data in c–e are the results of triplicate analyses. The data in a–e were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s post-hoc test. *, **, and *** indicate significant differences (P < 0.05, < 0.01, and < 0.001, respectively).
