Fig. 4: Lower airway host immune profiling in severely ill patients with COVID-19. | Nature Microbiology

Fig. 4: Lower airway host immune profiling in severely ill patients with COVID-19.

From: Microbial signatures in the lower airways of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients associated with poor clinical outcome

Fig. 4

a, Levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies in BAL of 142 subjects (*two-sided Mann–Whitney U; deceased versus ≤28 d P =0.0133; deceased vs > 28 d P = 0.0213; horizontal black lines represent the median; mean fluorescence shown as flow cytometry arbitrary units). b, Heat map of canonical pathway analysis based on ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA, RRID:SCR_008653) using the lower airway host transcriptome comparing clinical outcome groups. Orange shows upregulation of pathway, blue shows downregulation of pathway. c, Cell-type abundance quantification plots. Comparison of abundance of mast cells and neutrophils among outcome groups in the BAL fluids of 118 critically ill patients with COVID-19. Cell-type abundance was estimated from the host transcriptome with CIBERSORTx. Each dot denotes the quantification score of a sample, while the box shows the interquartile range with median at the centre, and the whiskers represent the maximum and minimum (*two-sided Mann–Whitney U; macrophages M1, > 28 d versus ≤28 d P = 0.017, deceased versus < 28 d P =0.0014; mast cells, >28 d versus ≤28 d P = 0.0013, deceased versus ≤28 d P = 0.0056; innate T-cells, >28 d versus ≤28 d P = 0.0071, deceased versus ≤28 d P = 0.0068; CCR7+ T-cells, >28 d versus ≤28 d P =0.0192, deceased versus ≤28 d P =0.0068).

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