Fig. 1: Co-expression of cifA and cifB in male An. gambiae causes embryonic lethality in progeny.
From: Wolbachia cifB induces cytoplasmic incompatibility in the malaria mosquito vector
a, Construct design of zpg-cifA, zpg-cifB, vasa-cifA and vasa-cifB. b, Males that express zpg-cifA;B produced largely inviable progeny, regardless of whether their female mate expresses zpg-cifA. Expression of zpg-cifA;B in females caused a decrease in female fertility compared with WT females, but expression of cifA alone did not (Dunn’s multiple comparisons test (two-sided), P ≤ 0.0071 for groups a vs b, P < 0.0001 for groups a vs c and groups b vs c). Median and interquartile ranges are shown. For each group (top to bottom), the n (number of broods) is as follows: 58, 52, 59, 51, 53, 62. Kruskal–Wallis test: H = 265, P < 0.0001, d.f. = 5. c, Embryos from zpg-cifA;B males crossed with WT females (or WT crosses, as controls in (i) and (ii)) were fixed and imaged with DAPI 3–4 h post oviposition, showing developmental arrest of most CI embryos during early nuclear divisions (iii), while some embryos completed multiple rounds of nuclear division but showed mitotic defects, such as chromatin bridging ((iv), with a close-up in (v)), and other chromosomal abnormalities resulting in delayed or arrested development (vi). Scale bars, 100 μm for ×100 images and 25 μm for ×400 images.
