Extended Data Fig. 2: Taxonomic and functional profiles of the airway microbiome in COPD and controls.

a) The total bacterial load for the 106 samples with available genomic DNA specimens, based on 16S rRNA gene qPCR assays (n = 106). Each sample was run in duplicate. The Ct value cannot be determined (ND) for the four reagent controls. The central line indicates the median. The lower and upper hinges indicate the first and third quartiles. The lower and upper whiskers extend from the hinge to the smallest and largest values no further than 1.5 * inter-quartile range from the hinge. Significance was determined using two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test. b) The fold-changes of differential species-level taxa in COPD and controls using reads-based taxonomy are correlated with those using bin-based taxonomy. Significance was determined using two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test, adjusting for multiple comparisons. c) Association of differential species-level taxa and KEGG metagenome modules with sputum neutrophil and eosinophil percentages. The X-axis and Y-axis denote minus log10 (FDR P-value) times directionality of correlation for neutrophil and eosinophil, respectively. The full ordination space is divided into colored area for associations with neutrophil only, eosinophil only, neutrophil and eosinophil, and neither (FDR < 0.1).