Fig. 6: High occurrence of R1-32-like antibodies in healthy individuals (HD) and their rapid induction in COVID-19 patients.
a, Waffle charts showing the occurrence of R1-32-like IgH sequences in a cohort of 20 COVID-19 patients and 25 healthy donors22,23,24. Created with BioRender.com. b, Violin plot showing the comparison of percentages of R1-32-like IgH sequences in IGHV1-69-encoded IgH gene repertoires across the COVID-19 patients and healthy donors. c, Violin plot showing the comparison of usage of IGHD5-12 that paired with IGHV1-69 across the COVID-19 patients and healthy donors. Statistics for the violin plots are unpaired non-parametric Mann-Whitney tests. d, Pie charts showing the isotype distribution of R1-32-like IgH sequences in COVID-19 patients and healthy donors. e, Identity-divergence plot showing the clonal expansion of R1-32-like antibody lineages from day 12 to day 20 after symptom onset in a representative COVID-19 patient. All IGHV1-69 sequences in the repertoires were plotted as a function of sequence divergence from IGHV1-69 germline gene (x axis) and sequence identity to an R1-32-like clone PtQ12_28 (y axis). Colour gradient indicates sequence density. f, Multiple sequence alignment of R1-32 with selected R1-32-like IgH sequences identified from the COVID-19 patients and healthy donors22,23,24, as well as several previously reported R1-32-like mAb sequences25,26,27,28,29. The germline gene sequence is used as the reference. The RBD-contact residues in R1-32 or FC08 are coloured red, with those involved in hydrogen bonding underlined. The amino acid residues identical to the germline sequence are dotted.
