Fig. 1: DMSP biosynthesis genes, enzymes and pathways.
From: Alternative dimethylsulfoniopropionate biosynthesis enzymes in diverse and abundant microorganisms
a, The ‘methylation’ pathway in some higher plants with the methionine (Met) S-methyltransferase (MMT) and bacteria containing MmtN or another methyltransferase (BurB) (left); the ‘transamination’ pathway in algae, bacteria and corals with DSYB/DsyB, DsyGD/DsyG, DSYE and/or TpMMT (middle); and the ‘decarboxylation’ pathway in Crypthecodinium cohnii (right). The pathways are named after their first reaction step (in larger font). AdoMet, S-adenosylmethionine; AdoHcy, S-adenosylhomocysteine; NADP, nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate; MAT, methionine aminotransferase; MR, MTOB reductase; MSM, MTHB S-methyltransferase; DDC, DMSHB decarboxylase; SMM, S-methylmethionine; MTOB, 4-methylthio-2-oxybutyrate; MTHB, 4-methylthio-2-hydroxybutyrate; DMSHB, 4-dimethylsulfonio-2-hydroxybutyrate; MTPA, 3-methylthiopropylamine; MMPA, 3-methylmercaptopropionate. The enzymes and domains identified here are coloured to match their corresponding genes in c. b, DMSP accumulation in G. sunshinyii incubated with DMSP synthesis intermediates (0.5 mM) or nothing added (NA, control). The results show the mean values of three independent biological replicates with error bars indicating standard deviations. The statistically significant differences compared with control conditions were determined using a two-sided Student’s t-test (**P = 0.0025 and ****P = 7.74 × 10−6). c, The genomic location of dsyGD/dsyG in DMSP-producing bacteria. The algal DSYE transcripts are included for size comparison. For Oscillatoria sp. SIO1A7, dsyGD is located at the start of the contig. MFS, major facilitator superfamily; tRNA, transfer RNA; ribonuclease BN, ribonuclease from Escherichia coli strain BN; ABC, ATP-binding cassette.
