Extended Data Fig. 9: E. coli exhibits Michaelis-Menten kinetics across substrates.

a) Left: Liquid-culture growth rates of E. coli MG1655 grown on a variety of substrates at 37 °C (Methods). Data are the mean of the maximum growth rate extracted from three biological replicate growth curves and error bars represent ±1 standard deviation (SD). Right: Expanded view of growth rates versus concentration from the outlined box on the left. b) Liquid-culture growth rates of E. coli MG1655 in MOPS minimal medium supplemented with various concentrations of D-glucose at 25 °C (blue), 30 °C (black), or 37 °C (red). Data are the mean of the maximum growth rate extracted from three biological replicate growth curves and error bars represent ±1 SD. c) Michaelis-Menten constants (\({K}_{M}\)) of E. coli MG1655 growth rates across growth media and temperatures. Data are estimates from a non-linear weighted fit and error bars represent ±1 SEM. d) Arrhenius plots of ln(growth rate) versus 1/(absolute temperature) for E. coli MG1655 grown in MOPS minimal medium supplemented with glucose at concentrations between 0.17 mM and 11 mM (blue-to-red). Data are the mean across three biological replicates and error bars represent ±1 SD. Weighted linear fits were performed for each concentration. e) Arrhenius plots of ln(growth rate) versus 1/(absolute temperature) for E. coli MG1655 grown in MOPS minimal medium supplemented with casamino acids at concentrations between 0.9 mM and 923 mM (blue-to-red). Data are the mean across three biological replicates and error bars represent ±1 SD. Weighted linear fits were performed for each concentration. f) Activation energy versus substrate concentration of E. coli MG1655 grown in minimal media without amino acids supplemented with glucose, fructose, acetate, succinate, or maltose. Activation energies are estimates from a linear weighted fit of Arrhenius plots and error bars represent ±1 SEM. g) Activation energy versus substrate concentration of E. coli grown in LB (red) or MOPS minimal medium supplemented with casamino acids (green). Activation energies are estimates from a linear weighted fit of Arrhenius plots and error bars represent ±1 SEM.