Extended Data Fig. 1: E. coli exhibits robust Arrhenius behavior with a highly conserved activation energy.

a) Liquid-culture maximal growth rates across temperatures of diverse E. coli strains from various animal hosts (Methods). Each strain is labeled with its laboratory accession number (Supplementary Table 1), host source, and estimated host body temperature. Each data point represents the mean of eight biological replicates, with error bars representing the standard deviation. b) Arrhenius plots of growth rates from (a). The natural logarithm of maximal growth rate is plotted against the inverse absolute temperature for temperatures between 27 °C and 37 °C, along with weighted linear fits for each strain. c) Activation energies measured as the slope of the linear fit to the data in (b) for each E. coli strain, with errors reported as the standard error of the mean (SEM) from the weighted fit. Each strain is grouped according to host body temperature (blue: Ectothermic, green: Mammalian, red: Avian, gray: Laboratory (MG1655, BW25113)). Each bar represents the mean of eight biological replicates. d) Steady-state maximum growth rates in rich medium (LB) of E. coli BW25113, CS109, and BL21 between 18 °C and 47 °C (Methods). Each maximal growth rate is reported as the mean±1 standard deviation of eight biological replicates. e) Arrhenius plot of growth rates from (d). The natural logarithm of maximal growth rate is plotted against the inverse absolute temperature. Growth rates measured at temperatures between 25 °C and 37 °C were used for measuring the activation energy (slope, E_a).