Fig. 6: Exogenous peptidoglycan is a conserved signal for inducing biofilm formation in different species.
From: Bacteria use exogenous peptidoglycan as a danger signal to trigger biofilm formation
Biofilm formation of different species was quantified after 3 h of exposure to PG (300 µg ml−1, blue bars) or control conditions (medium without PG, black bars). Among the species are V. cholerae (as a control, similar to Fig. 3e–g), as well as other Gram-negative pathogens (P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, E. coli) and Gram-positive pathogens (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. faecalis). For E. coli and S. epidermidis, the presence or absence of PG did not result in statistically significant differences in 3D biofilm formation. All other species showed enhanced 3D biofilm formation during PG exposure. Bars are mean values of n = 3 independent biological replicates, circles indicate individual measurements, and error bars indicate the standard deviation. Statistical significances were calculated using a two-sided Student’s t-test. Statistical results are given as exact P values in brackets in the graphs.
