Fig. 3: P. faecium DSM 32890 reduces HFHSD-induced intestinal and systemic inflammation.
a–d, Analysis of the small intestine: ILC1s (percentage of T-bet+ IFNγ+ cells from LIN− cells) in total intestinal epithelial cells (a); induced IELs (percentage of CD3+CD2+CD5+ TCRαβ+ cells from CD45+ cells) in the total intestinal epithelial cells (b); natural IELs (percentage of CD3+CD2−CD5− TCRγδ+ cells from CD45+ cells) in the total intestinal epithelial cells (c) and induced and natural IEL ratio (d). e–g, Ratio of M1 to M2 macrophages (e), alternative activated (M2) macrophages (percentage of CD206+ Arg1+ cells from F4/80+ cells) (f) and pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages (percentage of CD80+ iNOS+ cells from F4/80+ cells) (g) in the total lamina propria cells. h, Treg cells (percentage of CD25+ Foxp3+ cells from CD4+ cells) in the total lamina propria cells. i, mRNA relative expression of αEβ7 integrin and granzyme B (GrB) in the small intestine. j, Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) level in the caecal content. k,l, mRNA relative expression of Reg3γ and Pla2g2a (k) and of claudin (Cldn) 3 and occludin (Ocln) (l) in the small intestine. m, Plasma LBP levels. n,o, Plasma levels of indicated cytokines. Control and HFHSD n = 10, and HFHSD + P. faecium n = 9 for a–l; control, HFHSD and HFHSD + P. faecium n = 8 for m–o. Values are presented as mean ± s.e.m. of n biological replicates shown as individual dots. Significant differences were assessed using one-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the corresponding post hoc test; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 and ****P < 0.0001.
