Fig. 4: P. faecium DSM 32890 protects metabolic health in obesity in the absence of adaptive immunity and irrespective of its viability in vivo.
a–d, Body weight gain (a) and weight of eWAT (b), blood glucose levels after an oral load of glucose (2 g kg−1) (c) and AUC (d). e–g, Alternative activated (M2) macrophages (percentage of CD206+ Arg1+ cells from F4/80+ cells) in the total lamina propria cells (e), ILC1s (percentage of T-bet+ IFN-γ+ cells from LIN− cells) in total intestinal epithelial cells (f) and pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages (percentage of CD80+iNOS+ cells from F4/80+ cells) in the total lamina propria cells (g). h–k, Analysis of the small intestine: alternative activated (M2) macrophages (percentage of CD206+ Arg1+ cells from F4/80+ cells) in the total lamina propria cells (h), ratio of M1 to M2 (i), pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages (percentage of CD80+ iNOS+ cells from F4/80+ cells) in the total lamina propria cells (j) and ILC1s (percentage of T-bet+ IFN-γ+ cells from LIN− cells) in total intestinal epithelial cells (k). l–n, Body weight gain (l), blood glucose levels after an oral load of glucose (2 g kg−1) (m) and AUC at week 10 of intervention (n). Rag1−/− control and HFHSD n = 10, and Rag1−/− HFHSD + P. faecium n = 6 for a–g; WT mice n = 8 for h–n. Values are presented as mean ± s.e.m. of n biological replicates shown as individual dots. Significant differences were assessed using one- or two-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc Tukey’s test; *P < 0.05. In c and m, ‘*’ is used when compared to the control diet and ‘#’ when compared to HFHSD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 and ####P < 0.0001.
