Fig. 6: P. faecium DSM 32890 directly promotes M2-macrophage polarization via TLR2.

a, Schema of in vitro experiments. b, Arg1, CD206 and CD163 percentages of MHC-II⁺CD11c⁺CD11b^high CD115⁺ in BMDMØ cell cultures (n = 9). c, Cytokine levels in the BMDMØ culture supernatants (n = 8). d, mRNA relative expression of TLRs in BMDMØ cultures exposed to PBS (grey) or P. faecium (green) for 6 h (n = 8). e, Relative NF-kB activation in response to different P. faecium concentrations in HEK293-Blue-hTLR2 cells (n = 6). f, Arg1, CD206 and CD163 percentages of MHC-II⁺CD11c⁺CD11b^high CD115⁺ in BMDMØ cell cultures co-exposed to P. faecium (1:10 cell/bacteria ratio) and/or anti-TLR2 (1 μg ml⁻¹) (n = 12). g, mRNA relative expression of genes in intestinal ILC1 cultures exposed to control BMDMØ supernatants (MO-control n = 8) or supernatants of P. faecium DSM 32890 primed BMDMØ (MO-P. faecium n = 10) for 6 h. h, Cytokine levels in the ILC1 culture supernatant (n = 8). i, mRNA relative expression of indicated genes of intestinal ILC1 cultures challenged with P. faecium DSM 32890 for 6 h (n = 8). Values are presented as mean ± s.e.m. of n biological replicates shown as individual dots. Significant differences were assessed using unpaired Student’s t-test (two-sided), one-way ANOVA (e) or two-way ANOVA (f) followed by a post hoc Tukey’s test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001 and ****P < 0.0001.

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