Extended Data Fig. 1: Nigeria map showing sampled states.

1. Benue (latitude: 7° 19’ 60.00” N and longitude: 8° 44’ 59.99” E); 2. Cross River (latitude: 4° 34’ 59.99” N and longitude: 8° 24’ 59.99” E); 3. Enugu (latitude: 6° 27’ 9.60” N and longitude: 7° 30’ 37.20” E); 4. Jigawa (latitudes 11.00°N to 13.00°N and longitudes 8.00°E to 10.15°E); 5. Kano (latitude: 12° 00’ 0.43” N and longitude: 8° 31’ 0.19” E); 6. Plateau (latitudes 8°24’ N to 10°30’ N and longitudes 8°32’ E to 10°38’).