Extended Data Fig. 1: Global patterns in Prochlorococcus division rates (d⁻¹) in surface waters.

a, Geographic distribution of daily division rates derived from the matrix population model (n = 180 independent samples). b, Relationship between division rates derived from the matrix population model and seawater temperature (°C). c, Geographic distribution of daily division rates derived from data compilations of dilution experiments (circles, n = 103 independent samples)^{24,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36} and cell cycle analysis (triangles, n = 11 independent samples)^20,23,24,25. d, Relationship between division rates derived from dilution experiments (circles) and cell cycle analysis (triangles) and seawater temperature (°C). The inset map in a and c shows the geographical distribution of sample locations. Statistical relationships in b and d were assessed using ordinary least squares regression with two-sided tests (α = 0.01). The black line in b shows a second-order polynomial regression model fit (P = 3.349 × 10⁻¹⁰); d shows a fourth-order polynomial regression fit (P = 0.014). No adjustments for multiple comparisons were applied. Error bars in a and b represent standard deviation of the 2000 Markov Chain Monte Carlo iterations used to infer division rates with the matrix population model. Error bars in c and d represent standard deviation in estimating duration of S phase in cell cycle method. Uncertainty estimates were not reported for dilution experiments.