Fig. 1: Sample distribution and evolutionary relationship of ticks.

a, Map of collection of samples. The size of the circle represents the number of tick samples collected in the area, and the colours represent different genera of ticks. Different backgrounds on the map represent different ecological faunas. b, Number of samples of different tick species and genus. Dark colours indicate female ticks, while light colours represent male ticks. The principal representative species for each tick genus are as follows: H. longicornis for Haemaphysalis, D. silvarum for Dermacentor, R. microplus for Rhipicephalus, I. persulcatus for Ixodes, H. asiaticum for Hyalomma and A. javanense for Amblyomma. c, Phylogenetic tree of tick species based on the mitochondrial genome with mite as outgroup. Different background colours represent different tick genera, while dots indicate tick species that have undergone nanopore sequencing. d, Correlation between mitochondrial dissimilarity and geographical distance (km) within each genus. The vertical axis represents the geographical distance between samples, while the horizontal axis represents the mitochondrial dissimilarity among tick species represented by the samples. The crosses represent the 99% confidence intervals for mitochondrial dissimilarity (x axis) and geographical distance (y axis), centred on the mean values calculated within each genus. The colours of different points represent different genera of ticks. The dashed line represents the Pearson’s correlation between them (r = 0.24, P = 3.06 × 10⁻¹⁵, two-sided, n = 1,020), with the shaded error band indicating the 95% confidence interval around the estimated mean trend based on all individual samples. e, Phylogenetic tree of 19 tick genomes obtained in this study with P. tepidariorum as outgroup based on 350 single copy orthologues. The estimated divergence time between clades is labelled on the branch nodes. Geological eras are marked on the right side of the timeline. Ma, million years ago.