Extended Data Fig. 1: Synthesis of 2D MCs.

(a) Schematic illustration of the growth of 2D MCs. (b) Time vs temperature profile for the growth of 2D MCs. A quartz boat containing MIs powders was placed in the centre of a tube furnace. The TMD (WS2 or MoS2) substrates were placed near the MIs precursors (or face down cover the MIs assisted by a holder). Another quartz boat containing S (Se or Te) powder was placed in the upstream side of the tube furnace. Argon was used as the carrier gas. Firstly, the furnace was heated to the growth temperature (T1) and held at that temperature for the growth of 2D MIs. Then, the furnace was cooled down to substitution temperature (T2), and the boat with S (Se or Te) was pushed into the hot zone, while then the boat with MIs precursor powders was pulled out of the hot zone. After the substitution reaction, the furnace was naturally cooled down to room temperature under the Ar atmosphere. Detailed synthetic recipes and reaction conditions are summarized in Extended Data Fig. 3.