Extended Data Fig. 9: Two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) from LP30 electrolyte during a 2 C top and C/2 cycle of NMC811. | Nature Nanotechnology

Extended Data Fig. 9: Two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) from LP30 electrolyte during a 2 C top and C/2 cycle of NMC811.

From: Three-dimensional operando optical imaging of particle and electrolyte heterogeneities inside Li-ion batteries

Extended Data Fig. 9

In a similar manner to LCO there is brightening of the electrolyte 2PEF on charge and dimming on discharge. Around the agglomerates (solid and dashed black lines are guides to the eye), the 2PEF is initially homogeneously distributed (panels A and B) before a concentration/2PEF gradients build-up at higher voltages above 4.0 V. The 2PEF concentration gradient is somewhat inhomogeneously distributed around agglomerates above 4.0 V (panels C and D). At C/2 the onset of the 2PEF concentration gradient is at higher voltages as compared to 2 C. Scale bar is 4 μm. Data across the two C-rates represent measurements of identical agglomerates.

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