Extended Data Fig. 3: Simulations of applied focused ultrasound with skull attenuation and its effect on temperature at sonicated site.

a. Heatmap of beamform simulations overlaid on rat skull. b. Simulated pressure fields along the center of the field with and without intact rat skull with the top and bottom of the skull indicated. c. Left: Temperature change in the sagittal plane centered on the geometric focus simulated with k-wave. The expected temperature change is calculated after a 50 ms burst of ultrasound and 150 ms cooling time. Right: Density map of the same field of view in the k-wave simulation illustrating the orientation of the skull and coupling cone. The regions demonstrating heating with the ultrasound protocol correspond to bony or air interfaces of the rat head. d. Temperature change before, immediately after, and 1 minute after ultrasound exposure intracranially adjacent to the skull with the parameters used in the reported in vivo brain experiments.