Extended Data Fig. 3: Temporal evolution of the electron temperature.
From: Laboratory evidence for proton energization by collisionless shock surfing
obtained from the solution of \(1.5{n}_{e}{d}_{t}{T}_{e}={\nu }_{B}{I}_{0}{e}^{-{t}^{2}/{\tau }^{2}}\). Here, ne = 1018 cm−3, νB is the inverse Bremsstrahlung absorption coefficient from the NRL formulary (p.58/Eq.32). The laser energy is 15 J, with duration τ = 3 ns, defocused focal spot d = 200μm and wavelength λl = 528 nm, leading to an maximum intensity of I0 = 1.5 × 1013 W ⋅ cm−2, and the initial electron temperature Te0 = 10 eV (left axis, blue). The intensity evolution of the laser (ITS) is superimposed as a red line (right axis).
