Extended Data Fig. 2: Ciliary beat coordination in metachronal and traveling waves.

A, Ciliary carpets generate long-range or short-range metachronal waves of ciliary beat. Left, larvacean esophagus; right, engineered human airway epithelium. White arrows (left) and white dashed lines (right) indicate crests of metachronal waves. Black arrows indicate wave traveling direction. L, metachronal wave length. B, Ciliary flames generate long-range or short-range metachronal waves of ciliary beat. Left, time lapse of wave traveling along flame of larvacean ciliary funnel; right, time lapse of wave traveling along flame of planarian (flatworm) protonephridium. L, traveling wave length. The data shown in A-B was collected from one sample per species each.