Extended Data Fig. 6: Force reconstitution for different cell types.

For different cell types, cell-generated matrix deformations are measured and then interpolated onto a finite-element mesh (left). The reconstructed matrix deformations (center) and forces (right) are obtained using Saenopy. The force epicenter is shown in pink, and the size of the image stack is indicated in the lower right. a, Human natural killer cell (NK92) embedded in a 1.2 mg/ml collagen gel (Batch A) during a contractile phase (Fig. 2, SI Videos 6–8). b, Hepatic stellate cell (human liver fibroblast) in a 1.2 mg/ml collagen gel (Batch C) after 2 days of culture (SI Video 11). c, Axon growth cones of a frog retinal ganglion cell embedded in a 1.0 mg/ml collagen gel (Batch D) during a contractile phase (SI Video 10). d, Mouse intestinal organoid in a 1.2mg/ml collagen gel (Batch C) after 24 hours. Time-lapse images of organoid contraction and drug-induced relaxation are shown in SI Video 12.