Fig. 2: Simulated ELM crash.
From: Effect of energetic ions on edge-localized modes in tokamak plasmas
a, The time evolution of n = 10 toroidal mode energy (En=10) in single-n simulations (n denotes the toroidal mode number). The solid line corresponds to integration in the whole simulation domain and the dashed line to integration from the radial coordinate ρpol > 0.9. The case without fast ions (blue solid) is shown for reference. Inset: the linear growth rate (γl, normalized to the Alfvén frequency at the magnetic axis, ωA) versus NBI energy (Ebirth). b,c, The time evolution of each mode energy (En) and of the sum of the mode energies (∑nEn, multiplied by 0.5) in multi-n MHD (b) and hybrid (for Ebirth = 60 keV) (c) simulations. d, Different contributions to En=8 temporal evolution in the hybrid multi-n simulation shown in c. Ph (blue) denotes the energy transfer between n = 8 mode and energetic particles. The thermal plasma pressure gradient (red) is the volume integral of u ⋅ ∇p (dot product between plasma velocity and thermal plasma pressure gradient). ‘Viscous term’ is the dissipation brought by viscosity (black), and ‘NL mode coupling’ corresponds to the energy transfer between n = 8 and the rest of the toroidal modes (grey).
