Extended Data Fig. 5: HAADF-STEM images of polar solitons state.
From: Thermal triggering for multi-state switching of polar topologies
When treated the superlattice from 450 °C to RT, we obtained a RT polar solitons state where many polar topologies coexist. The planar-view low-magnification HAADF-STEM image (a) revealing arrays of circular feature with typical diameters of 4 nm. Scale bar, 10 nm. The planar-view high-magnification HAADF-STEM images and polar map (b) showing different polar states: vortex, anti-vortex and center-divergent polar solitons (marked by circles) and polar vortices (marked by boxes). Scale bar, 1 nm. c, The sketch maps of anti-vortex, vortex and center-divergent polar solitons in b.
