Quantum operations are modelled as unitary matrices, yet experimental implementations have been restricted to only a few gate types. This fundamental limitation has now been overcome using a scheme that combines frequency control with microwave driving, enabling universal implementation of arbitrary two-qubit operations.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals
Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription
$32.99 / 30 days
cancel any time
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to the full article PDF.
USD 39.95
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

References
Krantz, P. et al. A quantum engineer’s guide to superconducting qubits. Appl. Phys. Rev. 6, 021318 (2019). This review article covers various previously implemented quantum operations on superconducting qubit platforms.
Huang, C. et al. Quantum instruction set design for performance. Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 070601 (2023). This paper provides a framework for analysing the dual nature of quantum gates, considering both compilation efficiency and realization accuracy, and applies this approach to examine the \({\sqrt{\bf{iSWAP}}}\) operation.
Chen, J., Ding, D., Gong, W., Huang, C. & Ye, Q. One gate scheme to rule them all: Introducing a complex yet reduced instruction set for quantum computing. In Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems Vol. 2, 779–796 (2024). This paper introduces the theoretical framework for the AshN scheme.
Yan, F. et al. Tunable coupling scheme for implementing high-fidelity two-qubit gates. Phys. Rev. Appl. 10, 054062 (2018). This paper introduces a tunable-coupling scheme for scalable implementation of high-fidelity two-qubit gates.
Additional information
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
This is a summary of: Chen, Z. et al. Efficient implementation of arbitrary two-qubit gates using unified control. Nat. Phys. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-025-02990-x (2025).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Extended native gate sets to unlock the performance of quantum processors. Nat. Phys. 21, 1361–1362 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-025-02991-w
Published:
Version of record:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-025-02991-w