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Twenty years of progress in type 1 diabetes mellitus

Nature Reviews Endocrinology volume 21, pages 662–663 (2025)Cite this article

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Future treatment targets for type 1 diabetes mellitus will be truly normal blood levels of glucose with a minimum of exogenous insulin and no hypoglycaemia. Here, we present some of the landmark trials from the past 20 years that are driving progress to that goal.

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Fig. 1: New treatments that can be applied singly or in combination throughout stages 1–4 of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia

    Thomas W. H. Kay

  2. Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne at St Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia

    Thomas W. H. Kay

  3. Endocrinology and Diabetes, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Jennifer J. Couper

  4. Discipline of Paediatrics, Adelaide University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Jennifer J. Couper

Authors
  1. Thomas W. H. Kay
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  2. Jennifer J. Couper
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Correspondence to Thomas W. H. Kay.

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Competing interests

T.K. has consulted for Eli Lilly, Sanofi and SAB Biotherapeutics. J.J.C. has consulted for Sanofi.

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Kay, T.W.H., Couper, J.J. Twenty years of progress in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 21, 662–663 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-025-01177-x

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