Extended Data Fig. 1: Metal–GO–metal sandwiched membranes.
From: Electrically controlled water permeation through graphene oxide membranes
a, Fabrication procedure for the metal–GO–metal sandwich membrane. b, Photograph of one of our metal–GO–metal sandwich membranes attached to the PET sheet (step 2 in a). Scale bar, 6 mm. This was further attached onto another plastic disk to seal the metal container for gravimetric testing. c, SEM image showing the discontinuities and voids in a 10-nm gold thin film on a GO membrane. Scale bar, 150 nm. d, Water permeation rate of metal–GO–metal sandwiched membranes as a function of gold electrode thickness. The dotted line is a guide to the eye. Water permeation rates of a bare porous silver (Ag) support (red filled circle) and a commercial polyamide nanofiltration membrane (green filled circle) are provided for comparison. Inset, SEM image of a 50-nm-thick gold thin film on a GO membrane. Scale bar, 150 nm.
