Extended Data Fig. 9: Temperature–trait relationships by growth form and site elevation.

a, Mean (±s.d.) intraspecific temperature–height relationships (n = 80 species) per functional group. Dwarf shrubs are defined as those shrubs that do not grow above 30 cm in height (as estimated by regional floras, such as Flora of North America, USDA or the Royal Horticultural Society) and are generally genetically limited in their ability to grow upright. There are no differences among functional groups in the magnitude of mean intraspecific temperature–height relationships. b, Relationship between community-weighted trait values, summer temperature and soil moisture across biogeographical gradients, as in Fig. 2a. Points represent mean estimates per site (n = 117 sites) and are sized by the elevation of the site (larger circles indicate higher elevation). Ribbons represent the overall trait–temperature–moisture relationship (95% credible intervals on predictions at minimum and maximum soil moisture) across all sites.