Extended Data Fig. 2: Electric field and polarization field extracted from TEM measurements.
Left column, x and z components of the electric field, Ex (top) and Ez (bottom); right column, x and z components of the polarization field, Px (top) and Pz (bottom). Ex,z and Px,z are extracted from the 4D STEM measurements of a PbTiO3 multilayer in Extended Data Fig. 1, as discussed in Methods section ‘EMPAD’. The electric field is determined from the center-of-mass shift of the central disk (red disk in Extended Data Fig. 1). The polarization is determined from the center of mass of the Friedel pairs (orange in Extended Data Fig. 1). Field of view, 12 nm.
