Extended Data Fig. 1: Effects of sleep fragmentation on metabolic and cellular parameters.

a, Image of a sleep fragmentation cage. b, Body weight (n = 10 per group). c, Plasma cholesterol at ZT3 (n = 5 per group). d, Plasma glucose at ZT3 (n = 5 per group). e, Glucose tolerance test (GTT) beginning at ZT3 (light period) and ZT12 (dark period) (n = 4 per group). f–h, Apoe^−/− mice were placed in sleep fragmentation chambers where the sweep bar operated during the dark period (ZT12–0) when mice are normally awake. Control mice were maintained in sleep fragmentation chambers with a stationary sweep bar. f, Assessment of atherosclerosis and lesion area (n = 5 per group). g, Assessment of blood Ly-6C^high monocytes and neutrophils (n = 5 per group). h, Assessment of bone marrow LSK cells and proliferation (n = 5 per group). i, Aortic macrophage proliferation in Apoe^−/− and Apoe^−/− SF mice after 16 weeks of sleep fragmentation at ZT3 and ZT14 (n = 5 Apoe^−/− mice; n = 4 Apoe^−/− SF mice). j, Quantification of B cells, CD4⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells in the blood of Apoe^−/− and Apoe^−/− SF mice at ZT3 (n = 10 Apoe^−/− mice; for B and CD4 T cells, n = 6 Apoe^−/− SF mice and for CD8 T cells, n = 7 Apoe^−/− SF mice). k, Quantification of B cells, CD4⁺ T cells and CD8⁺ T cells in the spleen of Apoe^−/− and Apoe^−/− SF mice at ZT3 (n = 10 Apoe^−/− mice; n = 7 Apoe^−/− SF mice). l, Quantification of B cells in the bone marrow of Apoe^−/− and Apoe^−/− SF mice at ZT3 (n = 10 Apoe^−/− mice; n = 7 Apoe^−/− SF mice). Data are mean ± s.e.m.