Extended Data Fig. 1: Holocene insolation forcing by latitude and time.

a, b, Change in (a) annual and (b) seasonal (JJA) insolation during the past 12,000 years caused by the Earth’s orbital cycle. Values are anomalies relative to present. Data from output of MATLAB code of ref. ³⁸, using the calendar days option and based on orbital parameters of ref. ¹⁴.